畜禽粪便高温快速发酵装备设计与试验

针对传统有机肥发酵方式设施设备简陋、效率低、能耗高、发酵不彻底且容易造成固液气环境二次污染的问题,设计了一种畜禽粪便高温快速发酵装备。简述了畜禽粪便全封闭快速自动化腐熟工艺流程及工作原理,对发酵装备的整机结构、发酵罐主体结构、搅拌系统等关键部件进行了设计、计算及有限元分析。结合发酵工艺要求,以含水率为55%的牛粪为原料,对罐体内物料温度分布及均匀性进行了试验分析,并对发酵产物进行了测试。试验与测试结果表明：在设备入料后第4天,罐体内物料平均温度为64.81℃,温度均匀性变异系数为1%;经发酵装备生产出的有机肥有机质质量分数为53.5%、总养分质量分数为5.36%、蛔虫卵死亡率为100%、粪大肠菌群数在2个/g以内,均达到国家有机肥料行业标准。     

Nitrous Oxide and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Vietnamese Soil Amended with Different Compost Types at High Temperature

This study aims to determine the effects of compost additions and high temperature on N₂O and CO₂ emissions from a Vietnamese agricultural soil. Soil samples amended with two compost types (commercial compost, SH and chicken compost, CC) at three rates of 1%, 2% and 4% w/w were aerobically incubated at 25°C, 30°C and 35°C for 28 days in the laboratory. N₂O and CO₂ emissions were determined on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Our results showed that N₂O and CO₂ emissions were significantly affected by temperature, compost additions, and their interactions. Greater N₂O and CO₂ emissions were seen in CC treatments than SH treatments. Higher application rates of CC led to greater N₂O and CO₂ emissions. In SH treatments, higher temperature lowered N₂O emissions but did not affect CO₂ emissions. N₂O and CO₂ emissions were enhanced with CC addition while they showed different responses to increasing temperature.     

An Evaluation of the Loss-on-Ignition Method for Determining the Soil Organic Matter Content of Calcareous Soils

The Loss-on-Ignition (LOI) method is widely employed for measuring the organic matter (OM) content of soil samples. There is a risk of carbonate losses when calcareous soil samples are analyzed through LOI, but this has never been investigated in detail. Moreover, a worldwide standard protocol for determining the carbonate content of soils is not available. The aims of this study were (i) to evaluate two commonly employed carbonate analysis procedures using calcareous and non-calcareous soil samples: the gravimetric method with (GMF) and without (GM) the addition of the antioxidant iron(II) chloride (FeCl₂) and the acetic acid dissolution procedure (AAD); (ii) to evaluate the effect of ignition temperature on losses of pure calcite, calcite-quartz and calcareous soil samples. We found that the average apparent carbonate content of the non-calcareous soils was greatest for the GMF method followed by the AAD procedure. The GM method showed the smallest apparent carbonate contents. For the calcite-quartz sand mixture, ignition losses started at 600°C and increased with temperature in a sigmoidal way. LOI values stabilized at 750°C when 80% of the carbon dioxide was released. We recommend the GM procedure for carbonate analysis because the apparent carbonate contents of the non-calcareous soil samples were smallest. Furthermore, we recommend an LOI temperature of 550°C because at this ignition temperature 99.8% of the total calcite fraction remains in the soil samples.     

Are all three components of conservation agriculture necessary for soil conservation in the Sudan Savanna?

ABSTRACT

Conservation agriculture (CA) as recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations consists of three components: minimum soil disturbance, soil cover, and crop rotation/association. CA was expected to become an effective countermeasure against water erosion in the Sudan Savanna, but it has not been adopted by local smallholder farmers. As markets for grain legumes (including cowpea) have not been developed in the Sudan Savanna, crop rotation/association should be considered impractical for these farmers. Therefore, we examined whether legume intercropping as a crop rotation/association component is necessary for preventing soil erosion in the Sudan Savanna. Three-year field experiments were conducted in runoff plots at Institute of Environment and Agricultural Research Saria station. The four treatments were conventional practice (full tillage, no sorghum residue mulching, and no intercropping), two-component CA (minimum tillage (MT) and sorghum residue mulching without intercropping), and three-component CA with velvet bean (VB) or pigeon pea (PP) intercropping. It was revealed that: (1) MT and sorghum residue mulching (without intercropping) effectively reduced the annual soil loss by 54% mainly due to the improvement of soil permeability by the boring of termites and wolf spiders found under the sorghum stover mulch; (2) intercropping in combination with MT and crop residue mulching had no effect on soil erosion control mainly because: (a) PP did not survive the long dry season; (b) VB did not serve effectively as a cover crop since soil loss was concentrated at the beginning of the rainy season when VB was still too small; (c) unexpectedly, in combination with MT and crop residue mulching, intercropping with VB did not increase mulch biomass, especially sorghum biomass which prompts the boring of termites and wolf spiders. These results demonstrate that the third component of CA, namely legume intercropping, is not always necessary; rather, the two remaining components – minimum soil disturbance and soil cover – are sufficient for soil conservation in the Sudan Savanna. This finding lightens the burden of adopting CA and thus facilitates its future promotion to the smallholder farmers in the Sudan Savanna.     

淮北地区小麦主栽品种对低温胁迫的响应及抗寒性评价

为给安徽淮北地区小麦安全生产提供指导,以当地主栽品种为材料,研究不同播期条件下小麦植株对低温胁迫的响应,结合自然低温下田间冻害情况及产量表现等,对主栽品种的抗寒性进行初步评价。结果表明,返青期-12℃以下时品种的抗寒性急剧下降;播期间小麦植株的抗寒性表现为：晚播>适播>早播;电解质渗出率均随温度的降低逐渐增大;地域间抗寒性差异明显;不同区域育成品种抗寒性强弱表现为山东省＞河南省＞安徽省;筛选出一批抗寒高产品种,如‘良星66’、‘山农20’、‘济麦22’、‘烟农19’等,可作为安徽淮北地区早播条件下种植的理想品种。     

50年来湘中地区气候极值与农业气候指标动态变化趋势

利用湘中地区1961-2010年气象站逐日观测数据资料,选取与农作物密切相关的气候极值和农业气候指标,采用统计检验、趋势分析和Mann-Kendall突变检验等的方法,分析了湘中地区农业水热气候条件和气候极值,进而研究主要农业气候指标的变化倾向。研究发现：湘中地区近50年来,水热资源总体呈增加趋势;年强降水量呈增大趋势,尤其以夏季强降水量增加最为明显,表明夏季洪涝灾害的威胁加大;最高(低)气温阈值的变化表明极端高(低)温均呈缓解趋势,及其出现的天数在减少,说明由极端气候引起高温热害、低温冷害等气象灾害发生的可能性减小;≥0℃和≥10℃积温分别在1997年和2000年开始突变,上升趋势明显,表明湘中地区有效热量资源在增加;霜冻日数呈减小趋势,说明霜冻危害发生的风险在减小。这对确定合适的农业气候指标值和促进农业生产有重要的指导意义。     

红寺堡酿酒葡萄根系层冬季土壤温度变化特征

为了全面掌握红寺堡酿酒葡萄根系层冬季土壤温度的气候变化特征,利用同心气象站1961－2015年冬季(12月至次年2月)0、10、15、20、40厘米逐日平均土壤温度资料,对其变化规律分析。结果表明：酿酒葡萄根系层冬季土壤温度垂直变化特点是随着深度增加呈升高趋势;55a冬季0～40cm平均土壤温度日变化趋势一致,先降后升,最低值在-7.3℃～-3.4℃之间,出现时间在1月13至25日之间;55a冬季土壤温度年际变化呈显著上升趋势; 0～20cm各层气候变化倾向率在0.432～0.604℃/10a之间,0cm、5cm、10cm、20cm土壤温度分别在1989年、1989年、1989年、1984年发生了突变,突变前均为冷期,突变后均为暖期;55a冬季土壤温度年代际变化总体以升温为主,2010年代较2000年代呈下降趋势。     

重庆市≥10 ℃积温资源时空变化特征分析

[目的]积温是一种重要的生态环境资源和气候资源,了解积温的时空变化规律对指导农业生产和生态环境建设具有重要意义。[方法]利用重庆市34个观测站1960—2016年共57年的地面气象观测资料,选用Mann-Kendal突变检验,Morlet小波周期分析等气象统计方法,分析了重庆地区≥10℃积温资源的时间变化和空间变化规律,得出结果：[结果]重庆地区积温分布不均,沿长江和乌江分3个不同的区域分布,重庆大部分地区年均积温在5500℃至6500℃之间。1960—1980年,重庆积温变化主要表现为增温趋势。1981—2000年,积温明显减少。2000年以后,积温正负相间,变化明显加快,气候变得更加异常。重庆1区的积温,80年代以前振幅较大,80年代以后,振幅明显减小。2区和3区的积温变化趋势基本一致,变化规律基本相同,振幅也基本一致。[结论]重庆积温资源丰富,重庆江津、丰都、万州等地区完全满足一年三熟制,可以开展一年三熟制农作物耕种试点。     

Evaluation of the Low-Temperature Tolerance of Cotton Varieties in the Huang-Huai Region during Seed Germination

[Objective] To provide a theoretical foundation and germplasm resources for low-temperature-germination cotton breeding, the germination characteristics of 38 cotton varieties novel to or formerly widely planted in the Huang-Huai Region were evaluated under different low temperature stress conditions. [Method] Analysis of variance, the fuzzy membership function method, and cluster analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate the tolerance of these varieties to low temperature stress. [Result] As the temperature was lowered, germination rate, germination index, and vigor index exhibited a decreasing trend in all cotton varieties, but resistance to low temperature was significantly different among varieties. Cluster analysis divided the 38 varieties into three categories: highly resistant, resistant, and non-resistant. [Conclusion] Early-introduced varieties and those bred from early-introduced germplasm resources had weaker resistance to low temperature stress, with Stoneville and Deltapine series showing the lowest tolerance. The new transgenic insect-resistant cotton varieties SCRC 37 and SCRC 36 had the strongest resistance to low temperature stress.     

Effects of Exogenous 24-epibrassinolide on Photosynthetic Physiology of CottonSeedlings under Low Temperature

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on the photosynthetic physiology of cotton seedlings under low temperature and to provide basis for improving the cold tolerance of cotton by using EBR as growth regulator. [Method] Taking CCRI 60, Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3 as materials, a field experiment was carried out in Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS(Anyang county, Henan province). Before the first low temperature treatment, the cotton seedlings were sprayed with distilled water (Control) and different concentrations of EBR (0.1 mg·L^－1 and 0.2 mg·L^－1), respectively. After 3 days, the relative electrical conductivity, chlorophyll content, rapid chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetic curve (OJIP) and fluorescence parameters were measured. [Result] Under low temperature, the relative conductivity of CCRI 60, Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3 spraying with EBR decreased by 17.7%～32.8% compared with control, and there was no significant difference between CCRI 60 and Lumianyan 28 in different concentrations of EBR treatments, butthe relative conductivity of Simian 3 treating with 0.2 mg·L^－1 EBR was significantly lower than those treatments with 0.1 mg·L^－1 EBR . The chl a and chl b contents increased by 9.7%～32.6% and 15.0%～18.9%, respectively. The maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystemⅡ (F_v/F_M) and photosynthetic performance index on absorption basis(PI_ABS) increased significantly. PI_ABS of CCRI 60 increase the maximum by 75.6% using 0.1 mg·L^－1 EBR. Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3 increased the maximum by 101.1% and 265.6% using 0.2 mg·L^－1 EBR, respectively; Absorbed photon flux per cross section (ABS/CSm), electron transport flux (further than QA) per active reactive center (ETo/RC) and probability for electron transport (φEo) are significantly increased. [Conclusion] Exogenous EBR can enhance the ability of low temperature tolerance of cotton seedlings and alleviate the inhibition of photosynthesis in cotton at low temperature. The study showed that 0.1 mg·L^－1 EBR performs well in CCRI 60 and 0.2 mg·L^－1 in Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3.